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Revista Estudios Demográficos y de Desarrollo Urbano
ESTUDIOS
DEMOGRÁFICOS Y URBANOS ÍNDICE Artículos Los hogares latinoamericanos
durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX: una perspectiva sociodemográfica.
Brígida García y Olga Rojas Notas y comentarios Elementos para el ordenamiento territorial: uso del suelo y recursos. Boris Graizbord Reseñas Virginidad e iniciación
sexual en México. Experiencias y significados, de Ana Amuchástegui.
Ramfis Ayús Reyes
El objetivo de este
trabajo es analizar los cambios sociodemográficos más significativos
ocurridos en los hogares latinoamericanos durante la segunda mitad del
siglo XX. Para ello se tienen en cuenta dos aspectos fundamentales: la
posible convergencia hacia las familias pequeñas y nucleares; y
la naturaleza e incremento de los hogares con jefatura femenina. Se intenta
no sólo sintetizar el conocimiento existente sobre dichos temas,
sino también dar cuenta de las conexiones entre los cambios sociodemográficos
de los hogares y la desigualdad social y de género persistente
en América Latina. Algunas de las principales conclusiones son:
a) A pesar de la existencia de un claro proceso de nuclearización
en los hogares latinoamericanos, la importancia de los arreglos familiares
de tipo extendido continúa siendo distintiva del sistema familiar
en la región, especialmente entre la población de escasos
recursos; y b) Los hogares encabezados por mujeres muestran un claro incremento,
y posiblemente éste se aprecie en diversos sectores de nuestras
sociedades. Cambios en la participación laboral de las mujeres casadas en el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey: 1976-1996 Jorge N. Valero Gil
Competitividad y ventajas
competitivas: revisión teórica y ejercicio de aplicación
a 30 ciudades de México
ABSTRACTS Latin American households
during the second half of the 20th century. A socio-demographic perspective.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the most significant socio-demographic changes that took place in Latin American households during the second half of the 20th century. It considers two key aspects: the possible convergence towards small, nuclear families and the nature and increase in the number of households with female headship. The paper not only seeks to summarize existing knowledge of these issues but also to focus on the links between socio-demographic changes in households and the persistent social and gender inequality in Latin America. Some of the main conclusions are: a) despite a definite trend towards the nuclearization of Latin American households, the importance of extended family arrangements continues to be a characteristic of the family system in the region, particularly among the low-income population, and b) there has been an evident increase in the number of women-headed household that may be occurring in several sectors of Latin American societies. Changes in married
women’s participation in the labor force in the Metropolitan Area
of Monterrey: 1976-1996. An economic model of the life cycle is used to analyze the changes in married women’s participation in the labor market between 1976 and 1996 in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey. The paper focuses on the analysis of the effect of the economic crisis on this participation and finds that the net effect of the crisis has been a reduction in the latter. At the same time, it notes that married women’s participation has increased due to factors associated with a change in attitudes to the labor market, age, the effect of education and a reduction in the number of children. Factors such as the reduction of family incomes and husbands’ unemployment appear to be less significant. Competitiveness and
comparative advantages: theoretical review and exercise applied to 30
cities in Mexico. Traditional foreign trade theories fail to explain the evolution of trade derived from globalization, as a result of which new explanations have been put forward, some of which have emphasized the concepts of competition and competitiveness. At the same time, theoretical approaches to local economic growth have gradually adopted the new archetypes of international trade theory. The aim of this article is to discuss the main contributions that have helped to explain the significance of competition and competitiveness at the business, country and city level, as well as the various postulates concerning the determinants of territorial competitiveness or comparative advantages. The review of concepts is complemented by a conceptual and operative proposal for explaining local competitiveness and an exploratory exercise that has been empirically applied to industrial competitiveness in thirty cities in Mexico. Towards the rural
urban space: a review of the relationship between the countryside and
the city in Mexican social anthropology On the basis of a
review of the anthropological literature of the 1970’s and 1980’s,
and an analysis of recent labor and demographic dynamics in the Metropolitan
Area of Guadalajara, this article highlights the need to review the notions
and traditional dichotomies between the countryside and the city in order
to explore and explain the dynamics and trends of current metropolitan
spaces, those new spheres where the population has begun to concentrate
and major labor and social transformations are beginning to occur. The problem of the
commons. a game-theoretic approach We analyze the problem of the commons from a game-theoretic perspective. After defining the features that define common-pool resources, we build a formal model that shows that because of their very nature, there are incentives to both over-utilize them and under-invest in their care. We examine two possible arrangements to eliminate the existence of these perverse incentives. The first one, privatization, exhibits efficiency properties supported by traditional microeconomics. The second one is management by a limited group of local users for an unlimited period of time. We prove that, under certain conditions, this second arrangement can provide the right incentives for the successful management of the commons.
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